Your Questions About Recycling

The Expert answers:

Call ur local cities recycling place or ask them where to do it like my city its called the upa its really cool they will have differant big bin for glass plastic ect..like the place i goto they have picnic tables made from used plasic makes u feel good when u see what there doing w/ the diff. Stuff.

The Expert answers:

I Will send u if u really wants to recycle WASTE PAPERS.
I don’t want to open this site.

The Expert answers:

Yes, the fuel in reactor rods is not depleted, it is more like contaminated with isotopes that adsorb neutrons. So indeed rods can be recycled and made into fuel again. If you consider the half life of the reactants, a fuel rod should be good for millions of years of useful service.

The USA had intended to do that in what was called the “breeder” reactor program. That is the reason utility company reactors were built without a provision for rod disposal. The plan was “spent” rods would be exchanged with the government for new, recycled rods. No nuclear waste would be created.

So what happened? Well the process would take a lot of energy, in fact you would need to build a reactor just to do the task. The cost of recycling a fuel rod became significantly more that the cost to make them new from scratch. Also private utilities quickly saturated the generation market, meaning no new reactors have been built in the last 50 years. The breeder program was based on servicing a much larger generation base than was ever built. So the government abandoned the project leaving private utility companies in a lurch. Had the problems with spent fuel disposal been so apparent then, they might have thought twice, but waste of resources is kind of the American way we do things.

Other countries had contracted with the USA to recycle their fuel too. So now they are stuck with having to dispose of them as waste. While this is cost efficient, it is not exactly ecological efficient. Safety is not really much of an issue, the contamination that spoils the rods for use as fuel also precludes any cataclysmic reactions in storage. All of that radioactive material was mined out of the ground originally, so it is dust to dust, so to speak.

The Expert answers:

Listen , our local council have gone totally over the top with recycling and have 5 recycling wheelie bins and a food waste ‘caddie’ for each household but don’t take into consideration single households that don’t waste so much. I share a very small garden with my neighbour and we have 10 wheelie bins in the small space and are truelly unsightly and completely taken over what space we do have , we cannot sit out in the garden for long to have a chat. The EU ‘social engineering’ is the PITS!

In the past four or five years , recycling has gone totally BONKERS. They cannot make up their minds what is recyclible and what isn’t , so what they do is introduce even more wheelie bins of different colours. What are the general public and households to do , we’ll be recycling our own shite next!!

The Expert answers:

What do you mean by non-recyclable waste? Just about everything you use can be recycled in one way or another. Plastics, metals, glass, paper, fabrics…. Everything can be recycled.

Also, you could try to reduce what you use. For example, stop using so many plastics that you don’t need. Disposable plates, forks, knives, bottled water, all of this is just waste.

The Expert answers:

Nope. Recycling (plus reusing and reducing) are still our best options – if we don’t create the waste in the first place, we wouldn’t have a problem.

As for nuclear waste in space:
Huge cost and pollution in getting it there
Huge issues about trucking the waste around the world to launch sites and….

…there is still a significant failure rate in space launches; it would only be a matter of time before a rocket goes *boom* and scatters radioactive waste all over the place!

The Expert answers:

[edit] Waste management concepts
Main article: Waste management concepts

The waste hierarchyThere are a number of concepts about waste management, which vary in their usage between countries or regions.

The waste hierarchy:

reduce
reuse
recycle
classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability. The waste hierarchy has taken many forms over the past decade, but the basic concept has remained the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.

Some waste management experts have recently incorporated a ‘fourth R’: “Re-think”, with the implied meaning that the present system may have fundamental flaws, and that a thoroughly effective system of waste management may need an entirely new way of looking at waste. Some “re-think” solutions may be counter-intuitive, such as cutting fabric patterns with slightly more “waste material” left — the now larger scraps are then used for cutting small parts of the pattern, resulting in a decrease in net waste. This type of solution is by no means limited to the clothing industry.

Source reduction involves efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and product formulation. At times, the term “pollution prevention” may refer to source reduction.

Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in the United States are implementing variable rate pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay As You Throw – PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream.

Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. Toxics use reduction is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials. Toxics use reduction emphasises the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical manufacturers. Toxics use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some states, e.g., Massachusetts, New Jersey and Oregon.

[edit] Resource recovery
A relatively recent idea in waste management has been to treat the waste material as a resource to be exploited, instead of simply a challenge to be managed and disposed of. There are a number of different methods by which resources may be extracted from waste: the materials may be extracted and recycled, or the calorific content of the waste may be converted to electricity.

The process of extracting resources or value from waste is variously referred to as secondary resource recovery, recycling, and other terms. The practice of treating waste materials as a resource is becoming more common, especially in metropolitan areas where space for new landfills is becoming scarcer. There is also a growing acknowledgement that simply disposing of waste materials is unsustainable in the long term, as there is a finite supply of most raw materials.

There are a number of methods of recovering resources from waste materials, with new technologies and methods being developed continuously.

In some developing nations some resource recovery already takes place by way of manual labourers who sift through un-segregated waste to salvage material that can be sold in the recycling market. These unrecognised workers called waste pickers or rag pickers, are part of the informal sector, but play a significant role in reducing the load on the Municipalities’ Solid Waste Management departments. There is an increasing trend in recognising their contribution to the environment and there are efforts to try and integrate them into the formal waste management systems, which is proven to be both cost effective and also appears to help in urban poverty alleviation. However, the very high human cost of these activities including disease, injury and reduced life expectancy through contact with toxic or infectious materials would not be tolerated in a developed country.

[edit] Recycling
Main article: Recycling

A materials recovery facility, where different materials are separated for recycling
Recycling means to recover for other use a material that would otherwise be considered waste. The popular meaning of ‘recycling’ in most developed countries has come to refer to the widespread collection and reuse of various everyday waste materials. They are collected and sorted into common groups, so that the raw materials from these items can be used again (recycled).

In developed countries, the most common consumer items recycled include aluminium beverage cans, steel, food and aerosol cans, HDPE and PET plastic bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines, and cardboard. Other types of plastic (PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS: see resin identification code) are also recyclable, although not as commonly collected. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products.

The recycling of obsolete computers and electronic equipment is important, but more costly due to the separation and extraction problems. Much electronic waste is sent to Asia, where recovery of the gold and copper can cause environmental problems (monitors contain lead and various “heavy metals”, such as selenium and cadmium; both are commonly found in electronic items).

Recycled or used materials have to compete in the marketplace with new (virgin) materials. The cost of collecting and sorting the materials often means that they are equally or more expensive than virgin materials. This is most often the case in developed countries where industries producing the raw materials are well-established. Practices such as trash picking can reduce this value further, as choice items are removed (such as aluminium cans). In some countries, recycling programs are subsidised by deposits paid on beverage containers (see container deposit legislation).

The economics of recycling junked automobiles also depends on the scrap metal market except where recycling is mandated by legislation (as in Germany).

However, most economic systems do not account for the benefits to the environment of recycling these materials, compared with extracting virgin materials. It usually requires significantly less energy, water and other resources to recycle materials than to produce new materials [1]. For example, recycling 1000 kg of aluminum cans saves approximately 5000 kg of bauxite ore being mined (source: ALCOA Australia) and prevents the generation of 15.17 tonnes CO2eq greenhouse gases [2]; recycling steel saves about 95% of the energy used to refine virgin ore (source: U.S. Bureau of Mines).

In many areas, material for recycling is collected separately from general waste, with dedicated bins and collection vehicles. Other waste management processes recover these materials from general waste streams. This usually results in greater levels of recovery than separate collections of consumer-separated beverage containers, but are more complex and expensive.[citation needed]

[edit] Waste management techniques
Managing municipal waste, industrial waste and commercial waste has traditionally consisted of collection, followed by disposal. Depending upon the type of waste and the area, a level of processing may follow collection. This processing may be to reduce the hazard of the waste, recover material for recycling, produce energy from the waste, or reduce it in volume for more efficient disposal.

Collection methods vary widely between different countries and regions, and it would be impossible to describe them all. For example, in Australia most urban domestic households have a 240 litre (63.4 gallon) bin that is emptied weekly by the local council. Many areas, especially those in less developed areas, do not have a formal waste-collection system in place.

In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the city collects waste, and or recyclables, and or organics on a scheduled basis from residential areas. In rural areas people dispose of their waste at transfer stations. Waste collected is then transported to a regional landfill.

Disposal methods also vary widely. In Australia, the most common method of disposal of solid waste is in landfill sites, as it is a large country with a low-density population. By contrast, in Japan it is more common for waste to be incinerated, because the country is smaller and land is scarce.

[edit] Landfill
Main article: landfill

A landfill compaction vehicle in operation
Disposing of waste in a landfill is the most traditional method of waste disposal, and it remains a common practice in most countries. Historically, landfills were often established in disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials in a way that minimises their impact on the local environment. Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of leachate which can pollute groundwater and surface water. Another byproduct of landfills is landfill gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate, such as clay or plastic lining material. Disposed waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stablise the new landform, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats) and reduce the amount of wind-blown litter. Many landfills also have a landfill gas extraction system installed after closure to extract the landfill gas generated by the decomposing waste materials. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity. Even flaring the gas is a better environmental outcome than allowing it to escape to the atmosphere, as this consumes the methane, which is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

Many local authorities, especially in urban areas, have found it difficult to establish new landfills due to opposition from owners of adjacent land. Few people want a landfill in their local neighborhood. As a result, solid waste disposal in these areas has become more expensive as material must be transported further away for disposal (or managed by other methods).

This fact, as well as growing concern about the impacts of excessive materials consumption, has given rise to efforts to minimise the amount of waste sent to landfill in many areas. These efforts include taxing or levying waste sent to landfill, recycling the materials, converting material to energy, designing products that use less material, and legislation mandating that manufacturers become responsible for disposal costs of products or packaging (see Product Stewardship and Extended Producer Responsibility). A related subject is that of industrial ecology, where the material flows between industries is studied. The by-products of one industry may be a useful commodity to another, leading to a reduced materials waste stream.

Some futurists have speculated that landfills may one day be mined: as some resources become more scarce, they will become valuable enough that it would be economical to ‘mine’ them from landfills where these materials were previously discarded as valueless. A related idea is the establishment of a ‘monofill’ landfill containing only one waste type (e.g. Waste vehicle tyres), as a method of long-term storage.

[edit] Incineration
Main articles: Incineration and Waste-to-energy

A waste-to-energy plant in Saugus, Massachusetts, the first plant in the United States.Incineration is a waste disposal method that involves the combustion of waste at high temperatures. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as “thermal treatment”. In effect, incineration of waste materials converts the waste into heat, gaseous emissions, and residual solid ash. Other types of thermal treatment include pyrolysis and gasification.

A waste-to-energy plant (WtE) is a modern term for an incinerator that burns wastes in high-efficiency furnace/boilers to produce steam and/or electricity and incorporates modern air pollution control systems and continuous emissions monitors. This type of incinerator is sometimes called an energy-from-waste (EfW) facility.

Incineration is popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce resource, as they do not consume as such area as a landfill. Sweden has been a leader in using the energy generated from incineration over the past 20 years. Denmark also extensively uses waste-to-energy incineration in localised combined heat and power facilities supporting district heating schemes.

Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals, and on a large scale by industry. It is recognised as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste), though it remains a controversial method of waste disposal in many places due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.

[edit] Composting and anaerobic digestion
Main articles: Composting and Anaerobic digestion

An active compost heapWaste materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, are increasingly being recycled. These materials are put through a composting and/or digestion system to control the biological process to decompose the organic matter and kill pathogens. The resulting stabilized organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes.

There are a large variety of composting and digestion methods and technologies, varying in complexity from simple windrow composting of shredded plant material, to automated enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste. These methods of biological decomposition are differentiated as being aerobic in composting methods or anaerobic in digestion methods, although hybrids of the two methods also exist.

[edit] Examples
The Green Bin Program, a form of organic recycling used in Toronto, Ontario and surrounding municipalities including Markham, Ontario, Canada, makes use of anaerobic digestion to reduce the amount of garbage shipped to Michigan, in the United States. This is the newest facet of the 3-stream waste management system has been implemented in the city and is another step towards the goal of diverting 70% of current waste away from the landfills. Green Bins allow any organic waste that in the past would have formed landfill waste to be composted and turned into nutrient rich soil. Examples of waste products for the Green Bin are food products and scraps, soiled papers and sanitary napkins. Currently Markham, like the other municipalities in the Greater Toronto Area, ships all of its waste to Michigan at a cost of $22 CAN per tonne (metric ton, 1000 kg).

The Green Bin Program is currently being studied by other Municipalities in the province of Ontario as a way of diverting waste away from the landfills. Notably, Toronto and Ottawa are in the preliminary stages of adopting a similar program.

The City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada has adopted large-scale composting to deal with its urban waste. Its composting facility is the largest of its type in the world, representing 35 per cent of Canada’s centralised composting capacity. The $100 million co-composter and various recycling programs enable Edmonton to recycle 60% of its residential waste. The co-composter itself is 38,690 square metres in size, equivalent to 8 football fields. It’s designed to process 200,000 tonnes of residential solid waste per year and 22,500 dry tonnes of biosolids, turning them into 80,000 tonnes of compost annually.

[edit] Mechanical biological treatment
Main article: mechanical biological treatment

ArrowBiowet material recovery facility, Hiriya, Tel Aviv, IsraelMechanical biological treatment (MBT) is a technology category for combinations of mechanical sorting and biological treatment of the organic fraction of municipal waste. MBT is also sometimes termed BMT- Biological Mechanical Treatment- however this simply refers to the order of processing.

The “mechanical” element is usually a bulk handling mechanical sorting stage. This either removes recyclable elements from a mixed waste stream (such as metals, plastics and glass) or processes it in a given way to produce a high calorific fuel given the term refuse derived fuel (RDF) that can be used in cement kilns or power plants. Systems which are configured to produce RDF include Herhofand Ecodeco. It is a common misconception that all MBT processes produce RDF. This is not the case. Some systems such as ArrowBio simply recover the recyclable elements of the waste in a form that can be sent for recycling.

ArrowBio UASB anaerobic digesters, Hiriya, Tel Aviv, IsraelThe “biological” element refers to either anaerobic digestion or composting. Anaerobic digestion breaks down the biodegradable component of the waste to produce biogas and soil conditioner. The biogas can be used to generate renewable energy. More advanced processes such as the ArrowBio Process enable high rates of gas and green energy production without the production of RDF. This is facilitated by processing the waste in water. Biological can also refer to a composting stage. Here the organic component is treated with aerobic microorganisms. They break down the waste into carbon dioxide and compost. There is no green energy produced by systems simply employing composting.

MBT is gaining increased recognition in countries with changing waste management markets such as the UK and Australia where WSN Environmental Solutions has taken a leading role in developing MBT plants

Regard,
Hari krishnan.A
(adhari2004@gmail.com)

The Expert answers:

Almost everything can be recycled. I don’t think that 100% of household waste is recyclable. Things like yogurt pots at the moment our local council will not take in the recycling. However I recycle as much as possible all glass, paper, cardboard, and most plastic bottles get recycled. Any food waste goes in the compost bin. So I like to think that I do as much as possible

The Expert answers:

Well here in Alabama, we are not required to recycle. When I lived in NY, we had to pay a deposit on bottle drinks, etc. And to get the money back, we had to recycle the item. I wish Alabama required that. Especially after Mardi Gras here there is trash, cans, bottles, etc. Filling the street up. Sad.